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<title>Masking (Autismus)</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Masking (Autismus)</h1>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr">Masking (deutsch ‚Maskieren‘) oder Camouflaging (‚Tarnen‘) bezeichnet in der <a href="Psychologie" title="Psychologie">Psychologie</a> das bewusste oder unbewusste Unterdrücken <a href="Autismus" title="Autismus">autistischer</a> Verhaltensweisen oder die <a href="Kompensation_(Psychologie)" title="Kompensation (Psychologie)">Kompensation</a> von Schwierigkeiten bei <a href="Soziale_Interaktion" title="Soziale Interaktion">sozialer Interaktion</a> mit dem Ziel, als <a href="Neurotypisch" title="Neurotypisch">neurotypisch</a> wahrgenommen zu werden,<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> bzw. um den typisch „autistischen Problemen“ aus dem Weg zu gehen. Es handelt sich um eine – häufig in Kindheit und Jugend – selbständig erlernte <a href="Bew%C3%A4ltigungsstrategie" title="Bewältigungsstrategie">Bewältigungsstrategie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Eine einheitliche wissenschaftliche Begriffsdefinition gibt es nicht.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-6">[6]</a> So werden die Begriffe Masking und Camouflaging einerseits synonym als Oberbegriff gebraucht,<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-6">[6]</a> andererseits wird zwischen Masking (dem Unterdrücken von Verhaltensweisen) und Compensation (dem Ausgleichen von Schwierigkeiten) als wesentliche Ausprägungen des Camouflagings unterschieden.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-7">[7]</a> Alltagssprachlich ist Masking der meistverbreitete Begriff.<a href="#cite_note-:8-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-8">[8]</a>

Typische Beispiele für Masking sind das Unterdrücken von <a href="Stimming_(Psychologie)" title="Stimming (Psychologie)">selbststimulierendem Verhalten</a> (Stimming), von Infodumping (Mitteilungsdrang bezüglich der eigenen Spezialinteressen)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> sowie von Reaktionen auf <a href="Reiz%C3%BCberflutung" title="Reizüberflutung">Reizüberflutung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a> Zur Kompensation von Schwierigkeiten bei sozialer Interaktion halten Autisten beispielsweise – trotz damit verbundenem Unwohlsein – <a href="Blickkontakt" title="Blickkontakt">Blickkontakt</a> aufrecht, wenden eingeübte Formulierungen und Gesprächsabläufe an (Scripting) oder übernehmen <a href="K%C3%B6rpersprache" title="Körpersprache">Körpersprache</a> und <a href="Intonation_(Sprachwissenschaft)" title="Intonation (Sprachwissenschaft)">Intonation</a> anderer Personen.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a>

Masking ist mit großen Anstrengungen verbunden.<a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> Als negative Auswirkungen des Maskings werden <a href="Stress" title="Stress">Stress</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> bis hin zum <a href="Burnout-Syndrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Burnout-Syndrom">Burnout</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <a href="Angstst%C3%B6rung" title="Angststörung">Angststörungen</a>, <a href="Psychische_St%C3%B6rung" title="Psychische Störung">psychische Störungen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> <a href="Identit%C3%A4tsverlust" class="mw-redirect" title="Identitätsverlust">Identitätsverlust</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> und <a href="Suizidalit%C3%A4t" title="Suizidalität">Suizidalität</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> genannt.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-6">[6]</a> Masking gilt zudem als zentraler Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines <a href="Autistischer_Burnout" title="Autistischer Burnout">autistischen Burnouts</a>. Gleichzeitig werden manchen Untersuchungen zufolge Kompensationsstrategien als hilfreich für eine erfolgreiche Lebensbewältigung empfunden.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-7">[7]</a> Da viele Studien zum Themenfeld nur autistische Erwachsene ohne <a href="Intelligenzminderung" title="Intelligenzminderung">Intelligenzminderung</a> untersuchen, ist die Übertragbarkeit der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf das gesamte <a href="Autistisches_Spektrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autistisches Spektrum">autistische Spektrum</a> nicht gesichert.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a>

Es wird vermutet, dass Masking dazu beiträgt, dass autistische <a href="Frau" title="Frau">Frauen</a> und autistische <a href="Nichtbin%C3%A4re_Geschlechtsidentit%C3%A4t" title="Nichtbinäre Geschlechtsidentität">nichtbinäre Personen</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> deutlich seltener erkannt und diagnostiziert werden als autistische Männer.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Diese Möglichkeit wurde bereits 1981 von <a href="Lorna_Wing" title="Lorna Wing">Lorna Wing</a> in Betracht gezogen.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>

Das bewusste Aufgeben des Maskings wird als „Unmasking“ bezeichnet, was von manchen Autisten als erstrebenswertes Ziel betrachtet wird.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-8">[8]</a> Motive sind die Entfaltung der eigenen <a href="Pers%C3%B6nlichkeit" title="Persönlichkeit">Persönlichkeit</a> und die Vermeidung von negativen Auswirkungen des Maskings auf die psychische Gesundheit.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<ul><li>Valentina Petrolini, Ekaine Rodríguez-Armendariz, Agustín Vicente: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">New Ideas in Psychology</cite>. Band 68, 2023, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992">10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Autistic+camouflaging+across+the+spectrum&rft.au=Valentina+Petrolini%2C+Ekaine+Rodr%C3%ADguez-Armendariz%2C+Agust%C3%ADn+Vicente&rft.btitle=New+Ideas+in+Psychology&rft.date=2023&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2022.100992&rft.genre=book&rft.volume=68" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><a href="Devon_Price" title="Devon Price">Devon Price</a>: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Unmasking Autism: The Power of Embracing Our Hidden Neurodiversity.</cite> Monoray, London 2022, ISBN 978-1-80096-054-1 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.au=Devon+Price&rft.btitle=Unmasking+Autism%3A+The+Power+of+Embracing+Our+Hidden+Neurodiversity.&rft.date=2022&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781800960541&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Monoray" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Felicity Sedgewick, Laura Hull, Helen Ellis: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do it, and the Impact It Can Have</cite>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London 2021, ISBN 978-1-78775-579-6 (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.au=Felicity+Sedgewick%2C+Laura+Hull%2C+Helen+Ellis&rft.btitle=Autism+and+Masking%3A+How+and+Why+People+Do+it%2C+and+the+Impact+It+Can+Have&rft.date=2021&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781787755796&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers" style="display:none"> </li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>

<ul><li>Konrad Wolf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/zett/2020-07/masking-menschen-im-autismus-spektrum-erzaehlen-vom-stress-sich-im-alltag-anpassen-zu-muessen">Masking: Menschen im Autismus-Spektrum erzählen vom Stress, sich im Alltag anpassen zu müssen</a> <a href="Ze.tt" title="Ze.tt">ze.tt</a>, 2020 (englisch).</li>

<li>Eva Silvertant: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embrace-autism.com/autism-and-camouflaging/">Autism & camouflaging</a> Embrace Autism, 2020 (englisch).</li>

<li>Francine Russo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectrumnews.org/features/deep-dive/costs-camouflaging-autism/">The costs of camouflaging autism</a> Spectrum. <a href="Simons_Foundation" title="Simons Foundation">Simons Foundation</a>, 2018 (englisch).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-:6-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-7">h</a> Valentina Petrolini, Ekaine Rodríguez-Armendariz, Agustín Vicente: <cite style="font-style:italic">Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">New Ideas in Psychology</cite>. Band 68, 2023, S. 100992, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992">10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100992</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Autistic+camouflaging+across+the+spectrum&rft.au=Valentina+Petrolini%2C+Ekaine+Rodr%C3%ADguez-Armendariz%2C+Agust%C3%ADn+Vicente&rft.btitle=New+Ideas+in+Psychology&rft.date=2023&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2022.100992&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=100992&rft.volume=68" style="display:none">

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<li id="cite_note-:0-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9">j</a> Amy Pearson, Kieran Rose: <cite style="font-style:italic">A Conceptual Analysis of Autistic Masking: Understanding the Narrative of Stigma and the Illusion of Choice</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Autism in Adulthood</cite>. Band 3, Nr. 1, 2021, S. 52–60, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0043">10.1089/aut.2020.0043</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36601266?dopt=Abstract">PMID 36601266</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8992880/">PMC 8992880</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=A+Conceptual+Analysis+of+Autistic+Masking%3A+Understanding+the+Narrative+of+Stigma+and+the+Illusion+of+Choice&rft.au=Amy+Pearson%2C+Kieran+Rose&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1089%2Faut.2020.0043&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Autism+in+Adulthood&rft.pages=52-60&rft.pmc=8992880&rft.pmid=36601266&rft.volume=3" style="display:none">

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<li id="cite_note-:3-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-6">g</a> Laura Hull, K. V. Petrides, Carrie Allison, Paula Smith, <a href="Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a>, Meng-Chuan Lai, William Mandy: <cite style="font-style:italic">“Putting on My Best Normal”: Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders</cite>. Band 47, Nr. 8, 2017, S. 2519–2534, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5">10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28527095?dopt=Abstract">PMID 28527095</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509825/">PMC 5509825</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CPutting+on+My+Best+Normal%E2%80%9D%3A+Social+Camouflaging+in+Adults+with+Autism+Spectrum+Conditions&rft.au=Laura+Hull%2C+K.+V.+Petrides%2C+Carrie+Allison%2C+...&rft.date=2017&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs10803-017-3166-5&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Autism+and+Developmental+Disorders&rft.pages=2519-2534&rft.pmc=5509825&rft.pmid=28527095&rft.volume=47" style="display:none">

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Wenn B. Lawson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Adaptive Morphing and Coping with Social Threat in Autism: An Autistic Perspective</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Intellectual Disability – Diagnosis and Treatment</cite>. Band 8, Nr. 3, 2020, S. 519–526, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29">10.6000/2292-2598.2020.08.03.29</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Adaptive+Morphing+and+Coping+with+Social+Threat+in+Autism%3A+An+Autistic+Perspective&rft.au=Wenn+B.+Lawson&rft.date=2020&rft.doi=10.6000%2F2292-2598.2020.08.03.29&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intellectual+Disability+-+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.pages=519-526&rft.volume=8" style="display:none">

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Julia Cook, Laura Hull, Laura Crane, William Mandy: <cite style="font-style:italic">Camouflaging in autism: A systematic review</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Clinical Psychology Review</cite>. Band 89, 2021, S. 102080, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080">10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Camouflaging+in+autism%3A+A+systematic+review&rft.au=Julia+Cook%2C+Laura+Hull%2C+Laura+Crane%2C+...&rft.btitle=Clinical+Psychology+Review&rft.date=2021&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2021.102080&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=102080&rft.volume=89" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:8-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_6-3">d</a> Felicity Sedgewick, Laura Hull, Helen Ellis: <cite style="font-style:italic">Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do it, and the Impact It Can Have</cite>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London 2021, ISBN 978-1-78775-579-6.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.au=Felicity+Sedgewick%2C+Laura+Hull%2C+Helen+Ellis&rft.btitle=Autism+and+Masking%3A+How+and+Why+People+Do+it%2C+and+the+Impact+It+Can+Have&rft.date=2021&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781787755796&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers" style="display:none">

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<li id="cite_note-:7-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_7-1">b</a> Lucy Anne Livingston, Punit Shah, Francesca Happé: <cite style="font-style:italic">Compensatory strategies below the behavioural surface in autism: a qualitative study</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Lancet Psychiatry</cite>. Band 6, Nr. 9, 2019, S. 766–777, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366%2819%2930224-x">10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30224-x</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31350208?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31350208</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6706698/">PMC 6706698</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Compensatory+strategies+below+the+behavioural+surface+in+autism%3A+a+qualitative+study&rft.au=Lucy+Anne+Livingston%2C+Punit+Shah%2C+Francesca+Happ%C3%A9&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fs2215-0366%2819%2930224-x&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Psychiatry&rft.pages=766-777&rft.pmc=6706698&rft.pmid=31350208&rft.volume=6" style="display:none">

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<li id="cite_note-:9-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_8-2">c</a> Elizabeth Cassidy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themighty.com/topic/autism-spectrum-disorder/take-the-mask-off-campaign-autism-masking/">Autistic Adults Start Campaign to Put an End to This ‘Harmful’ Behavior.</a> Abgerufen am 21. April 2023 (englisch, als Beispiel angeführt in Petrolini et al. Autistic camouflaging across the spectrum. (2023)).<span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AMasking+%28Autismus%29&rft.title=Autistic+Adults+Start+Campaign+to+Put+an+End+to+This+%E2%80%98Harmful%E2%80%99+Behavior&rft.description=Autistic+Adults+Start+Campaign+to+Put+an+End+to+This+%E2%80%98Harmful%E2%80%99+Behavior&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fthemighty.com%2Ftopic%2Fautism-spectrum-disorder%2Ftake-the-mask-off-campaign-autism-masking%2F&rft.creator=Elizabeth+Cassidy&rft.language=en">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Leslie Ann Bross, Jonathan M. Huffman, Mayumi Hagiwara: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Examining the special interest areas of autistic adults with a focus on their employment and mental health outcomes</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation</cite>. 57. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1. Januar 2022, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221052-2263%22&key=cql">1052-2263</a>, S. 289–305, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-221218">10.3233/JVR-221218</a> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-vocational-rehabilitation/jvr221218">iospress.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Examining+the+special+interest+areas+of+autistic+adults+with+a+focus+on+their+employment+and+mental+health+outcomes&rft.au=Leslie+Ann%26%2332%3BBross%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+M.%26%2332%3BHuffman%2C%26%2332%3BMayumi%26%2332%3BHagiwara&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.doi=10.3233%2FJVR-221218&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1052-2263&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vocational+Rehabilitation&rft.pages=289-305&rft.volume=57.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Mary Ann Winter-Messiers: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">From Tarantulas to Toilet Brushes: Understanding the Special Interest Areas of Children and Youth With Asperger Syndrome</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Remedial and Special Education</cite>. 28. Jahrgang, Nr. 3, 1. Mai 2007, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220741-9325%22&key=cql">0741-9325</a>, S. 140–152, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325070280030301">10.1177/07419325070280030301</a> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07419325070280030301">sagepub.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=From+Tarantulas+to+Toilet+Brushes%3A+Understanding+the+Special+Interest+Areas+of+Children+and+Youth+With+Asperger+Syndrome&rft.au=Mary+Ann%26%2332%3BWinter-Messiers&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.doi=10.1177%2F07419325070280030301&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0741-9325&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Remedial+and+Special+Education&rft.pages=140-152&rft.volume=28.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:5-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1">b</a> Laura Hull, K. V. Petrides, William Mandy: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders</cite>. Band 7, Nr. 4, 2020, S. 306–317, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9">10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=The+Female+Autism+Phenotype+and+Camouflaging%3A+a+Narrative+Review&rft.au=Laura+Hull%2C+K.+V.+Petrides%2C+William+Mandy&rft.date=2020&rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs40489-020-00197-9&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Review+Journal+of+Autism+and+Developmental+Disorders&rft.pages=306-317&rft.volume=7" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/437815624">6A02 Autism spectrum disorder.</a> In: ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. WHO, 2022, abgerufen am 7. April 2023: „Some individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder are capable of functioning adequately by making an exceptional effort to compensate for their symptoms during childhood, adolescence or adulthood. Such sustained effort, which may be more typical of affected females, can have a deleterious impact on mental health and well-being.“<span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AMasking+%28Autismus%29&rft.title=6A02+Autism+spectrum+disorder&rft.description=6A02+Autism+spectrum+disorder&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Ficd.who.int%2Fbrowse11%2Fl-m%2Fen%23%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fid.who.int%2Ficd%2Fentity%2F437815624&rft.publisher=WHO&rft.date=2022">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-3">d</a> Elizabeth M. Radulski: <cite style="font-style:italic">Conceptualising Autistic Masking, Camouflaging, and Neurotypical Privilege: Towards a Minority Group Model of Neurodiversity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Human Development</cite>. Band 66, Nr. 2, 2022, S. 113–127, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000524122">10.1159/000524122</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Conceptualising+Autistic+Masking%2C+Camouflaging%2C+and+Neurotypical+Privilege%3A+Towards+a+Minority+Group+Model+of+Neurodiversity&rft.au=Elizabeth+M.+Radulski&rft.date=2022&rft.doi=10.1159%2F000524122&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.pages=113-127&rft.volume=66" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> Sarah Cassidy, Louise Bradley, Rebecca Shaw, <a href="Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular Autism</cite>. Band 9, Nr. 1, 2018, S. 42, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4">10.1186/s13229-018-0226-4</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30083306?dopt=Abstract">PMID 30083306</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6069847/">PMC 6069847</a> (freier Volltext): „In autistic adults, non-suicidal self-injury, camouflaging, and number of unmet support needs significantly predicted suicidality.“<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Risk+markers+for+suicidality+in+autistic+adults&rft.au=Sarah+Cassidy%2C+Louise+Bradley%2C+Rebecca+Shaw%2C+...&rft.date=2018&rft.doi=10.1186%2Fs13229-018-0226-4&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Autism&rft.pages=42&rft.pmc=6069847&rft.pmid=30083306&rft.volume=9" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Clare Sarah Allely: <cite style="font-style:italic">Understanding and recognising the female phenotype of autism spectrum disorder and the “camouflage” hypothesis: a systematic PRISMA review</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Advances in Autism</cite>. Band 5, Nr. 1, 2019, S. 14–37, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108/AIA-09-2018-0036">10.1108/AIA-09-2018-0036</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Understanding+and+recognising+the+female+phenotype+of+autism+spectrum+disorder+and+the+%E2%80%9Ccamouflage%E2%80%9D+hypothesis%3A+a+systematic+PRISMA+review&rft.au=Clare+Sarah+Allely&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.1108%2FAIA-09-2018-0036&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Autism&rft.pages=14-37&rft.volume=5" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> Felicity Sedgewick, Laura Hull, Helen Ellis: <cite style="font-style:italic">Autism and Masking: How and Why People Do it, and the Impact It Can Have</cite>. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London 2021, ISBN 978-1-78775-579-6, S. 20.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.au=Felicity+Sedgewick%2C+Laura+Hull%2C+Helen+Ellis&rft.btitle=Autism+and+Masking%3A+How+and+Why+People+Do+it%2C+and+the+Impact+It+Can+Have&rft.date=2021&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781787755796&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <a href="Lorna_Wing" title="Lorna Wing">Lorna Wing</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sex ratios in early childhood autism and related conditions</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Psychiatry Research</cite>. Band 5, Nr. 2, 1981, S. 129–137, S. 134, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781%2881%2990043-3">10.1016/0165-1781(81)90043-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.atitle=Sex+ratios+in+early+childhood+autism+and+related+conditions&rft.au=Lorna+Wing&rft.date=1981&rft.doi=10.1016%2F0165-1781%2881%2990043-3&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry+Research&rft.pages=129-137&rft.volume=5" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1">b</a> <a href="Devon_Price" title="Devon Price">Devon Price</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Unmasking Autism. The Power of Embracing our Hidden Neurodiversity</cite>. Monoray, 2022, ISBN 978-1-80096-054-1.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Masking+%28Autismus%29&rft.au=Devon+Price&rft.btitle=Unmasking+Autism.+The+Power+of+Embracing+our+Hidden+Neurodiversity&rft.date=2022&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781800960541&rft.pub=Monoray" style="display:none">

</li>

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